Castle Doctrine States

Map

Table

Introduction

Castle doctrine laws specifically waive the duty to retreat — meaning individuals have a duty to try to retreat from an attacker before they use force and provide individuals the right to use reasonable force to protect themselves while in their home — including deadly force. Castle doctrines lessen the possibility of retreat and provide the victim the opportunity to use deadly force. However, more generally speaking, the castle doctrine is not a defined law that can be invoked. It is rather a set of principles that can be incorporated into many jurisdictions.

There are also other types of doctrines such as the make-my-day statute, that came to be used in the U.S. in Colorado in 1985. The law shields people from criminal activity for using force against a home invader, including deadly force. The term, “make my day”, was popularized by a 1983 Hollywood film, Sudden Impact. Other laws include “stand your ground”, that extends upon the castle doctrine, and “duty to retreat”, where one has a legal requirement to retreat in a violent situation if and when it is safe to do so. Some states have also extended their castle doctrine laws to protect individuals from civil liability.

StateSelf-Defense LawsGun Ownership RateGun Death RateRegistered Gun Rate
AlaskaCastle Doctrine57.2%23.5 per 100k38.5 per 1k
ArizonaCastle Doctrine36.4%16.7 per 100k35.6 per 1k
ArkansasCastle Doctrine51.8%22.6 per 100k44.3 per 1k
IndianaCastle Doctrine42.4%17.3 per 100k23.1 per 1k
IowaCastle Doctrine38.5%11.2 per 100k17 per 1k
MichiganCastle Doctrine38.9%14.6 per 100k10.9 per 1k
MississippiCastle Doctrine54.1%28.6 per 100k27.4 per 1k
MissouriCastle Doctrine52.8%23.9 per 100k18.4 per 1k
MontanaCastle Doctrine65.7%20.9 per 100k33.2 per 1k
NevadaCastle Doctrine32.9%17 per 100k37.9 per 1k
New HampshireCastle Doctrine46.3%8.9 per 100k52.1 per 1k
North CarolinaCastle Doctrine37.1%16 per 100k21.1 per 1k
North DakotaCastle Doctrine53.3%13.8 per 100k40 per 1k
OhioCastle Doctrine41.9%15.2 per 100k17.7 per 1k
South DakotaCastle Doctrine55.6%13.6 per 100k72.2 per 1k
TennesseeCastle Doctrine46.9%21.3 per 100k21.7 per 1k
TexasCastle Doctrine35.5%14.2 per 100k34.1 per 1k
UtahCastle Doctrine39.7%13.6 per 100k3.4 per 1k
West VirginiaCastle Doctrine60.6%18.1 per 100k92.8 per 1k
WyomingCastle Doctrine60.7%25.9 per 100k245.8 per 1k
ConnecticutDuty to Retreat18.8%6 per 100k20.8 per 1k
DelawareDuty to Retreat38.7%14.4 per 100k6.1 per 1k
HawaiiDuty to Retreat9.1%3.4 per 100k6.4 per 1k
MaineDuty to Retreat47.7%10.4 per 100k15.6 per 1k
MarylandDuty to Retreat16.7%13.5 per 100k22.1 per 1k
MassachusettsDuty to Retreat9.9%3.7 per 100k6.5 per 1k
MinnesotaDuty to Retreat39.1%8.9 per 100k22.7 per 1k
NebraskaDuty to Retreat39.2%10.1 per 100k22 per 1k
New JerseyDuty to Retreat8.9%5 per 100k1.1 per 1k
New YorkDuty to Retreat14.5%5.3 per 100k4.6 per 1k
Rhode IslandDuty to Retreat13.9%5.1 per 100k4.5 per 1k
WisconsinDuty to Retreat47.1%12.2 per 100k16.3 per 1k
AlabamaStand Your Ground52.8%23.6 per 100k38.7 per 1k
CaliforniaStand Your Ground16.3%8.5 per 100k10.4 per 1k
ColoradoStand Your Ground37.9%15.4 per 100k25.7 per 1k
FloridaStand Your Ground28.8%13.7 per 100k23.8 per 1k
GeorgiaStand Your Ground37.7%17.7 per 100k28.2 per 1k
IdahoStand Your Ground57.8%17.6 per 100k40.2 per 1k
IllinoisStand Your Ground22.6%14.1 per 100k11.4 per 1k
KansasStand Your Ground42.3%16.9 per 100k23.8 per 1k
KentuckyStand Your Ground52.5%20.1 per 100k24.1 per 1k
LouisianaStand Your Ground52.3%26.3 per 100k32.9 per 1k
New MexicoStand Your Ground35.9%22.7 per 100k58.1 per 1k
OklahomaStand Your Ground54.9%20.7 per 100k25.9 per 1k
OregonStand Your Ground41.4%13 per 100k23 per 1k
PennsylvaniaStand Your Ground40.2%13.6 per 100k26.9 per 1k
South CarolinaStand Your Ground45.5%22 per 100k23 per 1k
VermontStand Your Ground50.3%11.6 per 100k14.6 per 1k
VirginiaStand Your Ground35.3%13.4 per 100k49 per 1k
WashingtonStand Your Ground32.1%10.9 per 100k1.2 per 1k

Castle Doctrine States

In total, twenty states use castle doctrine. These states are Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, West Virginia, and Wyoming.

If one is to break this down further to a state to state level, there are slight differences within the legislature and its wording that could potentially affect the outcome of a proceeding. Take for example, the state of Montana, a state that applies the castle doctrine, that refers to the right of an individual to use of force in defense of “occupied structure” while in another castle doctrine state, such as Iowa, the law states that one has no duty to retreat from their home or place of work in defense of themselves or a third party.

States With Castle Doctrine

1. Alaska
2. Arizona
3. Arkansas
4. Indiana
5. Iowa
6. Michigan
7. Mississippi
8. Missouri
9. Montana
10. Nevada
11. New Hampshire
12. North Carolina
13. North Dakota
14. Ohio
15. South Dakota
16. Tennessee
17. Texas
18. Utah
19. West Virginia
20. Wyoming

Self-Defense Laws by State

Alabama

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Stand Your Ground

Ranked in the US

#10

23.6 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#5

38.7 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#11

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Registered Gun Rate

Alaska

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Castle Doctrine

Ranked in the US

#5

23.5 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#6

38.5 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#12

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Arizona

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Castle Doctrine

Ranked in the US

#35

16.7 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#20

35.6 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#14

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Arkansas

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Castle Doctrine

Ranked in the US

#14

22.6 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#8

44.3 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#8

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California

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Stand Your Ground

Ranked in the US

#45

8.5 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#44

10.4 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#43

California is not a castle doctrine state. California’s law states that people have the right to defend themselves with deadly force if they feel threatened and fear for their life or safety. This allows them to use weapons such as firearms or knives to protect themselves in a situation where they are being attacked, without having the duty to retreat first. The law applies to both private and public places.

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Colorado

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Stand Your Ground

Ranked in the US

#32

15.4 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#22

25.7 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#22

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Connecticut

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Duty to Retreat

Ranked in the US

#43

6 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#45

20.8 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#34

Connecticut is not a castle doctrine state. Connecticut's law requires individuals to make every reasonable effort to flee or retreat from a situation before they can use deadly force in self-defense. This law has been in effect since 2012 and is meant to protect the safety of all citizens by encouraging them to find other ways out of dangerous situations instead of resorting immediately to violence.

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Delaware

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Duty to Retreat

Ranked in the US

#30

14.4 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#25

6.1 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#46

Delaware is not a castle doctrine state. Individuals are expected to take reasonable steps to escape a dangerous situation before resorting to deadly force. Specifically, Delaware's law mandates that those threatened with bodily harm must make every effort to clear out or otherwise avoid the situation at hand instead of relying on lethal force as a first response.

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Florida

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Stand Your Ground

Ranked in the US

#41

13.7 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#29

23.8 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#24

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Georgia

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Stand Your Ground

Ranked in the US

#33

17.7 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#15

28.2 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#18

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Hawaii

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Duty to Retreat

Ranked in the US

#49

3.4 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#50

6.4 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#45

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Idaho

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Stand Your Ground

Ranked in the US

#4

17.6 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#16

40.2 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#9

Idaho is not a castle doctrine state. Idaho has adopted a stand your ground law that permits an individual to use deadly force in self-defense without first attempting to retreat from danger. The state of Idaho believes that an individual has the right to defend themselves, their family, and their property when they are being threatened with serious harm or death. Additionally, this law allows the person to use any reasonable means necessary to effectively protect themselves or those around them from harm. It also states that if a person were to be charged by someone else for their actions under this law, they would not be held liable.

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Illinois

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Stand Your Ground

Ranked in the US

#42

14.1 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#27

11.4 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#41

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Indiana

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Castle Doctrine

Ranked in the US

#21

17.3 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#17

23.1 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#26

Indiana is a castle doctrine state. The statute provides legal protection for people who use deadly force while defending themselves in their homes. It states that a person has no duty to retreat from any place they have a lawful right to be if they reasonably believe deadly force is necessary to prevent imminent physical harm or death. This includes threats of sexual assault and kidnapping. The statute also protects people in situations where they are protecting their property from criminals, such as intruders breaking into the home. Additionally, Indiana's castle doctrine grants immunity from criminal prosecution and civil liability for victims who lawfully defend themselves in their homes using deadly force, provided it was reasonable under the circumstances.

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Iowa

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Castle Doctrine

Ranked in the US

#31

11.2 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#38

17 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#37

Kansas is not a castle doctrine state. Kansas has adopted a stand your ground law which removes the obligation for people to retreat if possible before using deadly force in self-defense situations and gives citizens the right to defend themselves with deadly force if they believe their life, or the life of another, is in danger. It also extends certain protections to those who use reasonable force in self-defense even if they are away from their home or vehicle. This law serves as a reminder that all individuals have the right to exercise self-defense when necessary and should never feel obligated to retreat when threatened.

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Kansas

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Stand Your Ground

Ranked in the US

#22

16.9 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#19

23.8 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#25

Kansas is not a castle doctrine state. Kansas has adopted a stand your ground law which removes the obligation for people to retreat if possible before using deadly force in self-defense situations and gives citizens the right to defend themselves with deadly force if they believe their life, or the life of another, is in danger. It also extends certain protections to those who use reasonable force in self-defense even if they are away from their home or vehicle. This law serves as a reminder that all individuals have the right to exercise self-defense when necessary and should never feel obligated to retreat when threatened.

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Kentucky

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Stand Your Ground

Ranked in the US

#12

20.1 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#13

24.1 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#23

Kentucky is not a castle doctrine state. Kentucky does have a stand your ground law, allowing citizens to protect themselves and their property when threatened or attacked by another person. Under this law, individuals can respond to such threats or attacks with force, if necessary; however, they must do so in a reasonable manner and with no intention to cause death or serious bodily harm. The law also protects those who use deadly force from criminal prosecution or civil liability if the act was committed in self-defense or defense of one's property.

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Louisiana

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Stand Your Ground

Ranked in the US

#13

26.3 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#2

32.9 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#17

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Maine

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Duty to Retreat

Ranked in the US

#16

10.4 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#40

15.6 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#39

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Maryland

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Duty to Retreat

Ranked in the US

#44

13.5 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#33

22.1 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#30

Maryland is not a castle doctrine state. Maryland has a duty to retreat law which requires that an individual must make an attempt to retreat or flee from any potential danger before they can legally use deadly force in self-defense. This means that in order for someone to be able to justify their use of deadly force, they must have tried all reasonable options for escaping a potentially dangerous situation without resorting to violence first. This law is intended both as a way to protect innocent bystanders from becoming involved in violent conflicts and to also give people enough time and space to de-escalate the tension if possible.

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Massachusetts

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Duty to Retreat

Ranked in the US

#48

3.7 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#49

6.5 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#44

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Michigan

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Castle Doctrine

Ranked in the US

#29

14.6 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#24

10.9 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#42

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Minnesota

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Duty to Retreat

Ranked in the US

#28

8.9 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#42

22.7 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#29

Minnesota is not a castle doctrine state. Minnesota has a duty to retreat law, meaning if one feels threatened, they have the legal obligation to attempt to retreat from the situation before being able to use force in self-defense. The state recognizes both verbal and physical threats as potential dangers that necessitate a retreat. If one cannot safely retreat, then one may be able to use reasonable force in self-defense, provided they are not the initial aggressor and did not provoke the situation. Minnesota's duty to retreat law is a policy intended to protect individuals while also seeking peaceful solutions and preventing further damage or injury through a violent resolution of confrontation.

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Mississippi

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Castle Doctrine

Ranked in the US

#8

28.6 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#1

27.4 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#19

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Missouri

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Castle Doctrine

Ranked in the US

#11

23.9 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#4

18.4 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#35

Missouri is a castle doctrine state. This law provides citizens with the right to use deadly force in self-defense, without the obligation to retreat if they are threatened inside their own homes, places of business, or vehicles. In the event that a person chooses to defend themselves against an intruder and results in hurting or even killing them, they are protected under this law as long as it was perceived that the intruder was committing a forcible felony. Additionally, it provides civil immunity for those who have acted within their rights as stated by this doctrine.

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Montana

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Castle Doctrine

Ranked in the US

#1

20.9 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#11

33.2 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#16

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Nebraska

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Duty to Retreat

Ranked in the US

#27

10.1 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#41

22 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#31

Nebraska is not a castle doctrine state. Nebraska has a duty to retreat law and requires an individual to make a reasonable effort to avoid the use of deadly force in self-defense. The state recognizes that individuals should not use excessive or lethal force if there is a way for them to safely withdraw from a situation. Under Nebraska's law, if an individual does choose to use deadly force without first attempting to withdraw from the conflict, they can be held legally accountable for their actions.

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Nevada

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Castle Doctrine

Ranked in the US

#39

17 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#18

37.9 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#13

Nevada is a castle doctrine state and allows individuals to protect their homes and property from intruders. The state legislature passed a law that includes the right to use deadly force if necessary to protect one's self or property from an intruder. Under this law, Nevada residents have the legal protection in place to defend themselves, so long as they are within their own homes or on land that they possess or lease. This doctrine also provides protection for those who are defending another person from attack.

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New Hampshire

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Castle Doctrine

Ranked in the US

#19

8.9 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#43

52.1 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#6

New Hampshire is a castle doctrine state and gives its citizens the right to protect their own homes and property. The state allows its citizens to use deadly force in certain circumstances, such as when an intruder unlawfully enters a dwelling or home with the intent of committing a violent crime. It also gives them immunity from criminal prosecution if they are able to demonstrate that they acted in reasonable self-defense when protecting their property.

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New Jersey

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Duty to Retreat

Ranked in the US

#50

5 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#48

1.1 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#51

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New Mexico

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Stand Your Ground

Ranked in the US

#36

22.7 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#7

58.1 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#5

New Mexico is not a castle doctrine state. New Mexico has a stand your ground law that means a person can lawfully defend themselves with deadly force if they feel threatened while being in their own home or vehicle. The law does not require an individual to retreat before using such forceful measures, and it also protects them from criminal and civil liability. Many of New Mexico's residents favor this law due to its protection of property rights and personal safety.

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New York

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Duty to Retreat

Ranked in the US

#46

5.3 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#46

4.6 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#47

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North Carolina

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Castle Doctrine

Ranked in the US

#34

16 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#21

21.1 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#33

North Carolina is a castle doctrine state which entitles its citizens to use deadly force in defending their homes or vehicles and provides them with legal protection in the event of a home or vehicle invasion. This means that a person is allowed to use deadly force if they feel threatened by an intruder, and it protects them from being sued by the assailant in the event that they are injured or killed while defending themselves. Overall, North Carolina's Castle Doctrine allows its citizens to defend themselves using appropriate means in situations where an intruder poses a threat to them and offers them legal protections in such scenarios.

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North Dakota

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Castle Doctrine

Ranked in the US

#9

13.8 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#28

40 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#10

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Ohio

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Castle Doctrine

Ranked in the US

#23

15.2 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#23

17.7 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#36

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Oklahoma

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Stand Your Ground

Ranked in the US

#7

20.7 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#12

25.9 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#21

Oklahoma is not a castle doctrine state. Oklahoma has a stand your ground law that allows people to defend themselves with deadly force in private and public spaces if they feel their life is in danger. This law also states that an individual may use deadly force without the obligation to retreat, as long as the person reasonably believes that such action is necessary to protect themselves against death, great bodily harm, or the commission of a felony. Those who use this law as a defense will not be held accountable in civil court for any damages resulting from their actions.

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Oregon

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Stand Your Ground

Ranked in the US

#24

13 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#35

23 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#27

Oregon is not a castle doctrine state. Oregon has a stand your ground law that allows individuals to use lethal force if they reasonably believe that they are in danger of being killed or suffering serious physical injury. This law protects people who choose to defend themselves, family members, and others against violence or aggressors. It can be used by any individual who is faced with an imminent threat of death, great bodily harm, or the commission of a felony. Oregon's law also states that anyone using lethal force must act with reasonable care and cannot provoke the attack they seek to prevent.

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Pennsylvania

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Stand Your Ground

Ranked in the US

#25

13.6 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#30

26.9 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#20

Pennsylvania is not a castle doctrine state. Pennsylvania has a stand your ground law that allows individuals to use deadly force in self-defense without the obligation to retreat if they feel threatened. The law was passed by the Pennsylvania Legislature in 2011 and amended in 2019, allowing both citizens and non-citizens to use deadly force if they fear for their lives or safety. The law also offers civil immunity protection for those who claim self-defense under these circumstances. The law applies not just to home defense scenarios but can be used as a defense when involved in an altercation where someone is justified in believing that their life is at risk.

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Rhode Island

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Duty to Retreat

Ranked in the US

#47

5.1 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#47

4.5 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#48

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South Carolina

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Stand Your Ground

Ranked in the US

#20

22 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#9

23 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#28

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South Dakota

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Castle Doctrine

Ranked in the US

#6

13.6 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#31

72.2 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#4

South Dakota is a castle doctrine state. This law permits residents of the state to use deadly force in response to an attack or threat on their person or property, as long as they are acting in a reasonable manner and with the reasonable belief that such force is necessary. South Dakota's castle doctrine does not impose a duty to retreat before using force for self-defense but does require that an individual has no other reasonable means of avoiding the confrontation. The law also provides immunity from civil and criminal prosecution if a person chooses to use deadly force in self-defense or in defense of another person.

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Tennessee

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Castle Doctrine

Ranked in the US

#18

21.3 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#10

21.7 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#32

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Texas

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Castle Doctrine

Ranked in the US

#37

14.2 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#26

34.1 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#15

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Utah

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Castle Doctrine

Ranked in the US

#26

13.6 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#32

3.4 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#49

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Vermont

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Stand Your Ground

Ranked in the US

#15

11.6 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#37

14.6 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#40

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Virginia

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Stand Your Ground

Ranked in the US

#38

13.4 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#34

49 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#7

Virginia is not a castle doctrine state. Virginia has a stand your ground law that allows individuals to use deadly force if they feel threatened, without having a duty to retreat from the situation. Supporters of this law argue that it is necessary for providing citizens with an effective form of self-defense in dangerous areas. However, opponents argue that the law could potentially lead to unnecessary violence and does not provide enough protection for those facing direct attack or imminent bodily harm. It is important to note that Virginia's stand your ground laws are more expansive than those in other states, allowing individuals to use force even when retreating is a safe and viable option.

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Washington

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Self-Defense Laws

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Stand Your Ground

Ranked in the US

#40

10.9 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#39

1.2 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#50

Washington is not a castle doctrine state. Washington has a stand your ground law that allows individuals to use deadly force when they think they are in imminent danger, without having to retreat from the situation first and without being held liable for criminal charges or civil damages. Under this law, citizens can use lethal force as long as it can be proven that the action taken was reasonable to protect oneself or another person from harm. The law also provides protection for victims of domestic violence who use defensive force on their aggressors.

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West Virginia

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Self-Defense Laws

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Castle Doctrine

Ranked in the US

#3

18.1 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#14

92.8 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#3

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Wisconsin

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Self-Defense Laws

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Duty to Retreat

Ranked in the US

#17

12.2 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#36

16.3 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#38

Wisconsin is not a castle doctrine state. Wisconsin has a duty to retreat law that states that an individual must try to safely escape from a dangerous situation before resorting to deadly force. This law extends the responsibility of self-defense beyond simply using force during imminent danger, and requires individuals to try to avoid conflict if possible. This law aims to reduce violence by encouraging those in dangerous situations to find ways to escape without escalating the situation with deadly force.

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Wyoming

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Self-Defense Laws

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Castle Doctrine

Ranked in the US

#2

25.9 per 100k

Ranked in the US

#3

245.8 per 1k

Ranked in the US

#1

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FAQs

What states have castle doctrine ?

The states that have castle doctrine are Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, West Virginia, and Wyoming.

How many states have castle doctrine ?

There are 20 states that have castle doctrine, while 30 states do not.

What states do not have castle doctrine ?

There are 30 states that do not have castle doctrine. Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin all have duty to retreat laws, while Alabama, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington have stand your ground laws.